|
|
|
| Future perspective of focal therapy for localized prostate cancer |
Luke P. O’Connora,Shayann Ramedanib,Michael Daneshvara,Arvin K. Georgec,Andre Luis Abreud,e,Giovanni E. Cacciamanid,e,Amir H. Lebastchid,e,*( )
|
a Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
b College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
c Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
d Center for Image-Guided and Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer, Institute of Urology and Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
e Institute of Urology and Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Objective: To summarize the recent literature discussing focal therapy for localized prostate cancer.
Methods: A thorough literature review was performed using PubMed to identify recent studies involving focal therapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.
Results: In an effort to decrease the morbidity associated with prostate cancer treatment, many urologists are turning to focal therapy as an alternative treatment option. With this approach, the cancer bearing portion of the prostate is targeted while leaving the benign tissue untouched. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging remains the gold standard for visualization during focal therapy, but new imaging modalities such as prostate specific membrane antigen/positron emission tomography and contrast enhanced ultrasound are being investigated. Furthermore, several biomarkers, such as prostate cancer antigen 3 and prostate health index, are used in conjunction with imaging to improve risk stratification prior to focal therapy. Lastly, there are several novel technologies such as nanoparticles and transurethral devices that are under investigation for use in focal therapy.
Conclusion: Focal therapy is proving to be a promising option for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. However, further study is needed to determine the true efficacy of these exciting new technologies.
|
|
Received: 29 September 2020
Available online: 20 October 2021
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
Amir H. Lebastchi
E-mail: Amir.Lebastchi@med.usc.edu
|
|
|
| Study | Modality | Number of patients | Outcome | Side effect | | Rastinehad et al., 2019 [50] | Gold silica nano shells | 15 | -At 12 months follow-up, 100% of patients had evidence of coagulative necrosis in tumor and 14/16 patients had no cancer on biopsy. | None reported | | Chopra et al., 2012 [52] | TULSA | 8 | -Treatment resulted in a temperature uncertainty was less than 2°C in all patients. | None reported | | Chin et al., 2016 [56] | TULSA | 30 | -Reduction of median PSA to 0.8 ng/mL at 12 months with a 61% reduction in cancer length in positive biopsies. | Hematuria, UTI, acute urinary retention, and epididymitis | | Bonekamp et al., 2019 [57] | TULSA | 30 | -Median prostate volume reduction was 88.8% which was best seen by delayed thermal ablation volume. | None reported | | Zlotta et al., 1998 [61] | Bipolar RFA | 15 | -All patients showed evidence of coagulative necrosis with PSA becoming undetectable. | None reported | | Ahmed 2009 [10] | Topsalysin | 37 | -10/37 patients saw clinically significant response to the first dose and 15 patients showed a partial response. | None reported | | Yamada et al., 2019 [65] | Microwave | 5 | -80% of the subjects had a multifocal disease when ablation was performed; study is ongoing. | None reported |
|
|
Key studies of various novel technologies that are being investigated as potential treatments for prostate cancer.
|
| [1] |
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA A Cancer J Clin 2020; 70:7e30.
|
| [2] |
Lilja H, Ulmert D, Vickers AJ. Prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer: Prediction, detection and monitoring. Nat Rev Canc 2008; 8:268e78.
|
| [3] |
Telesca D, Etzioni R, Gulati R. Estimating lead time and overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening from prostate cancer incidence trends. Biometrics 2008; 64:10e9.
|
| [4] |
Moschini M, Carroll PR, Eggener SE, Epstein JI, Graefen M, Montironi R, et al. Low-risk prostate cancer: Identification, management, and outcomes. Eur Urol 2017; 72:238e49.
|
| [5] |
Choo R, Klotz L, Danjoux C, Morton GC, DeBoer G, Szumacher E, et al. Feasibility study: Watchful waiting for localized low to intermediate grade prostate carcinoma with selective delayed intervention based on prostate specific an-tigen, histological and/or clinical progression. J Urol 2002; 167:1664e9.
|
| [6] |
Musunuru HB, Yamamoto T, Klotz L, Ghanem G, Mamedov A, Sethukavalan P, et al. Active surveillance for intermediate risk prostate cancer: Survival outcomes in the sunnybrook expe-rience. J Urol 2016; 196:1651e8.
|
| [7] |
Stavrinides V, Giganti F, Trock B, Punwani S, Allen C, Kirkham A, et al. Five-year outcomes of magnetic resonance imaging-based active surveillance for prostate cancer: A large cohort study. Eur Urol 2020; 78:443e51.
|
| [8] |
Marzouk K, Assel M, Ehdaie B, Vickers A. Long-Term Cancer Specific Anxiety in men undergoing active surveillance of prostate cancer: Findings from a large prospective cohort. J Urol 2018; 200:1250e5.
|
| [9] |
Tan HJ, Marks LS, Hoyt MA, Kwan L, Filson CP, Macairan M, et al. The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. J Urol 2016; 195:1724e30.
|
| [10] |
Ahmed HU. The index lesion and the origin of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1704e6.
|
| [11] |
Aihara M, Wheeler TM, Ohori M, Scardino PT. Heterogeneity of prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology 1994; 43:60e7.
|
| [12] |
Liu W, Laitinen S, Khan S, Vihinen M, Kowalski J, Yu G, et al. Copy number analysis indicates monoclonal origin of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Med 2009; 15:559e65.
|
| [13] |
Donaldson IA, Alonzi R, Barratt D, Barret E, Berge V, Bott S, et al. Focal therapy: Patients, interventions, and out-comesda report from a consensus meeting. Eur Urol 2015; 67:771e7.
|
| [14] |
Lebastchi AH, George AK, Polascik TJ, Coleman J, de la Rosette J, Turkbey B, et al. Standardized nomenclature and surveillance methodologies after focal therapy and partial gland ablation for localized prostate cancer: An International Multidisciplinary Consensus. Eur Urol 2020; 78:371e8.
|
| [15] |
Lebastchi AH, Pinto PA. The role of multiparametric MRI in biopsy-naive prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:276e7.
|
| [16] |
Shiraishi T, Ukimura O. Current status and progress of focal therapy in Asia. Curr Opin Urol 2018; 28:529e35.
|
| [17] |
Tay KJ, Scheltema MJ, Ahmed HU, Barret E, Coleman JA, Dominguez-Escrig J, et al. Patient selection for prostate focal therapy in the era of active surveillance: An International Delphi Consensus Project. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:294e9.
|
| [18] |
Wang A, O’Connor LP, Yerram NK, Nandanan N, Ahdoot M, Lebastchi AH, et al. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: Recent advances and future directions. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2020; 18:116e25.
|
| [19] |
Robilotto AT, Baust JM, Van Buskirk RG, Gage AA, Baust JG. Temperature-dependent activation of differential apoptotic pathways during cryoablation in a human prostate cancer model. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 16:41e9.
|
| [20] |
Stafford RJ, Shetty A, Elliott AM, Klumpp SA, McNichols RJ, Gowda A, et al. Magnetic resonance guided, focal laser induced interstitial thermal therapy in a canine prostate model. J Urol 2010; 184:1514e20.
|
| [21] |
Barkin J. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Can J Urol 2011; 18:5634e43.
|
| [22] |
Ashrafi AN, Tafuri A, Cacciamani GE, Park D, de Castro Abreu AL, Gill IS. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: Concepts and future directions. Curr Opin Urol 2018; 28:536e43.
|
| [23] |
Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, Panebianco V, Mynderse LA, Vaarala MH, et al. MRI-targeted or standard bi-opsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1767e77.
|
| [24] |
Ahdoot M, Wilbur AR, Reese SE, Lebastchi AH, Mehralivand S, Gomella PT, et al. MRI-targeted, systematic, and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:917e28.
|
| [25] |
Sathianathen NJ, Omer A, Harriss E, Davies L, Kasivisvanathan V, Punwani S, et al. Negative predictive value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in the prostate imaging reporting and datasystem Era: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2020; 78:402e14.
|
| [26] |
Bott SR, Ahmed HU, Hindley RG, Abdul-Rahman A, Freeman A, Emberton M. The index lesion and focal therapy: An analysis of the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer. BJU Int 2010; 106:1607e11.
|
| [27] |
Baco E, Ukimura O, Rud E, Vlatkovic L, Svindland A, Aron M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-transectal ultrasound image-fusion biopsies accurately characterize the index tumor: Correlation with step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens in 135 patients. Eur Urol 2015; 67:787e94.
|
| [28] |
Matsugasumi T, Baco E, Palmer S, Aron M, Sato Y, Fukuda N, et al. Prostate cancer volume estimation by combining magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy proven cancer core length: Correlation with cancer volume. J Urol 2015; 194:957e65.
|
| [29] |
Nassiri N, Chang E, Lieu P, Priester AM, Margolis DJA, Huang J, et al. Focal therapy eligibility determined by magnetic reso-nance imaging/ultrasound fusion biopsy. J Urol 2018; 199:453e8.
|
| [30] |
Rud E, Klotz D, Rennesund K, Baco E, Berge V, Lien D, et al. Detection of the index tumour and tumour volume in prostate cancer using T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone. BJU Int 2014;114:E32e42. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12637.
|
| [31] |
Piert M, Shankar PR, Montgomery J, Kunju LP, Rogers V, Siddiqui J, et al. Accuracy of tumor segmentation from multi-parametric prostate MRI and (18)F-choline PET/CT for focal prostate cancer therapy applications. EJNMMI Res 2018;8:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13550-018-0377-5.
|
| [32] |
Lopci E, Saita A, Lazzeri M, Lughezzani G, Colombo P, Buffi NM, et al. 68Ga-PSMA Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for primary diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with contraindications to or negative multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging: A prospective observational study. J Urol 2018; 200:95e103.
|
| [33] |
Laader A, Beiderwellen K, Kraff O, Maderwald S, Wrede K, Ladd ME, et al. 1.5 versus 3 versus 7 Tesla in abdominal MRI: A comparative study. PloS One 2017;12:e0187528 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187528.
|
| [34] |
Maas MC, Vos EK, Lagemaat MW, Bitz AK, Orzada S, Kobus T, et al. Feasibility of T2-weighted turbo spin echo imaging of the human prostate at 7 tesla. Magn Reson Med 2014; 71:1711e9.
|
| [35] |
Ashrafi AN, Nassiri N, Gill IS, Gulati M, Park D, de Castro Abreu AL. Contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound in focal therapy for prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2018;19:87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-018-0836-6.
|
| [36] |
Kedar RP, Cosgrove D, McCready VR, Bamber JC, Carter ER. Microbubble contrast agent for color Doppler US: Effect on breast masses. Work in progress. Radiology 1996; 198:679e86.
|
| [37] |
van Hove A, Savoie PH, Maurin C, Brunelle S, Gravis G, Salem N, et al. Comparison of image-guided targeted biopsies versus systematic randomized biopsies in the detection of prostate cancer: A systematic literature review of well-designed studies. World J Urol 2014; 32:847e58.
|
| [38] |
Loeb S, Catalona WJ. The prostate health index: A new test for the detection of prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol 2014; 6:74e7.
|
| [39] |
Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh GW, Smit FP, Karthaus HF, Schalken JA, et al. DD3: A new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59:5975e9.
|
| [40] |
de Kok JB, Verhaegh GW, Roelofs RW, Hessels D, Kiemeney LA, Aalders TW, et al. DD3(PCA3), a very sensitive and specific marker to detect prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2002; 62:2695e8.
|
| [41] |
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, et al. Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature 2009; 457:910e4.
|
| [42] |
Van Neste L, Hendriks RJ, Dijkstra S, Trooskens G, Cornel EB, Jannink SA, et al. Detection of high-grade prostate cancer using a urinary molecular biomarker-based risk score. Eur Urol 2016; 70:740e8.
|
| [43] |
Cantiello F, Russo GI, Ferro M, Cicione A, Cimino S, Favilla V, et al. Prognostic accuracy of prostate health index and urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 in predicting pathologic features after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2015;33:163:e15e23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.12.002.
|
| [44] |
Tallon L, Luangphakdy D, Ruffion A, Colombel M, Devonec M, Champetier D, et al. Comparative evaluation of urinary PCA3 and TMPRSS2: ERG scores and serum PHI in predicting prostate cancer aggressiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13299e316.
|
| [45] |
Ferro M, Lucarelli G, Bruzzese D, Perdona` S, Mazzarella C, Perruolo G, et al. Improving the prediction of pathologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: The value of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:1017e23.
|
| [46] |
Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. J Am Med Assoc 1994; 271:368e74.
|
| [47] |
Bul M, Zhu X, Valdagni R, Pickles T, Kakehi Y, Rannikko A, et al. Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer world-wide: The PRIAS study. Eur Urol 2013; 63:597e603.
|
| [48] |
Cantiello F, Russo GI, Cicione A, Ferro M, Cimino S, Favilla V, et al. PHI and PCA3 improve the prognostic performance of PRIAS and Epstein criteria in predicting insignificant prostate cancer in men eligible for active surveillance. World J Urol 2016; 34:485e93.
|
| [49] |
Govers TM, Hessels D, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Schmitz-Dra¨ger BJ, Stief CG, Martinez-Ballesteros C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of SelectMDx for prostate cancer in four Euro-pean countries: A comparative modeling study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:101e9.
|
| [50] |
Rastinehad AR, Anastos H, Wajswol E, Winoker JS, Sfakianos JP, Doppalapudi SK, et al. Gold nanoshell-localized photothermal ablation of prostate tumors in a clinical pilot device study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18590e6.
|
| [51] |
Xu X, Wu J, Liu Y, Saw PE, Tao W, Yu M, et al. Multifunctional envelope-type siRNA delivery nanoparticle platform for pros-tate cancer therapy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2618e27.
|
| [52] |
Chopra R, Colquhoun A, Burtnyk M, N’Djin WA, Kobelevskiy I, Boyes A, et al. MRimaging-controlledtran-surethral ultrasound therapy for conformal treatment of prostate tissue: Initial feasibility in humans. Radiology 2012; 265:303e13.
|
| [53] |
Fütterer JJ, Briganti A, De Visschere P, Emberton M, Giannarini G, Kirkham A, et al. Can clinically significant prostate cancer be detected with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging? A systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol 2015; 68:1045e53.
|
| [54] |
Partanen A, Yerram NK, Trivedi H, Dreher MR, Oila J, Hoang AN, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided transurethral ultrasound therapy of the prostate: A preclinical study with radiological and pathological correlation using customised MRI-based moulds. BJU Int 2013; 112:508e16.
|
| [55] |
Pauly KB, Diederich CJ, Rieke V, Bouley D, Chen J, Nau WH, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation of the prostate. Top Magn Reson Imag 2006; 17:195e207.
|
| [56] |
Chin JL, Billia M, Relle J, Roethke MC, Popeneciu IV, Kuru TH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided transurethral ul-trasound ablation of prostate tissue in patients with localized prostate cancer: A prospective phase 1 clinical trial. Eur Urol 2016; 70:447e55.
|
| [57] |
Bonekamp D, Wolf MB, Roethke MC, Pahernik S, Hadaschik BA, Hatiboglu G, et al. Twelve-month prostate volume reduction after MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound ablation of the prostate. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:299e308.
|
| [58] |
Lodeizen O, de Bruin M, Eggener S, Crouzet S, Ghai S, Varkarakis I, et al. Ablation energies for focal treatment of prostate cancer. World J Urol 2019; 37:409e18.
|
| [59] |
Hoey MF, Mulier PM, Leveillee RJ, Hulbert JC. Transurethral prostate ablation with saline electrode allows controlled production of larger lesions than conventional methods. J Endourol 1997; 11:279e84.
|
| [60] |
Leveillee RJ, Hoey MF, Hulbert JC, Mulier P, Lee D, Jesserun J. Enhanced radiofrequency ablation of canine prostate utilizing a liquid conductor: The virtual electrode. J Endourol 1996; 10:5e11.
|
| [61] |
Zlotta AR, Djavan B, Matos C, Noel JC, Peny MO, Silverman DE, et al. Percutaneous transperineal radiofrequency ablation of prostate tumour: Safety, feasibility and pathological effects on human prostate cancer. Br J Urol 1998; 81:265e75.
|
| [62] |
Aydin AM, Gage K, Dhillon J, Cheriyan SK, Poch MA, Manley BJ, et al. Focal bipolar radiofrequency ablation for localized prostate cancer: Safety and feasibility. Int J Urol 2020; 27:882e9.
|
| [63] |
Brennen WN, Isaacs JT. Mesenchymal stem cells and the em-bryonic reawakening theory of BPH. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:703e15.
|
| [64] |
Yong C, Mott SL, Laroia S, Tracy CR. Outcomes of microwave ablation for small renal masses: A single center experience. J Endourol 2020; 34:1134e40.
|
| [65] |
Yamada Y, Shiaishi T, Ueno A, Kaneko M, Inoue Y, Fujihara A, et al. Phase I study of cancer lesion-targeted microwave coagulation therapy for localized prostate can-cer: A pilot clinical study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019;16:100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100471.
|
| [66] |
Hoffman RM, Monga M, Elliott SP, Macdonald R, Langsjoen J, Tacklind J, et al. Microwave thermotherapy for benign pros-tatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:Cd004135. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004135.pub3.
|
| [67] |
Khoo CC, Miah S, Connor MJ, Tam J, Winkler M, Ahmed HU, et al. A systematic review of salvage focal therapies for localised non-metastatic radiorecurrent prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:1535e45.
|
| [68] |
Fuller DB, Naitoh J, Lee C, Hardy S, Jin H. Virtual HDR CyberKnife treatment for localized prostatic carcinoma: Dosimetry comparison with HDR brachytherapy and pre-liminary clinical observations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70:1588e97.
|
| [69] |
Hoge C, George A, Sidana A. Partial gland therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer 2019; 125:818e9.
|
| [70] |
Fischbach F, Hass P, Schindele D, Genseke P, Geisendorf L, Stehning C, et al. MRI targeted single fraction HDR brachy-therapy for localized prostate carcinoma: A feasibility study of focal radiation therapy (ProFocAL). Eur Radiol 2020; 30:2072e81.
|
| [71] |
Walser E, Nance A, Ynalvez L, Yong S, Aoughsten JS, Eyzaguirre EJ, et al. Focal laser ablation of prostate cancer: Results in 120 patients with low- to intermediate-risk disease. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2019;30:401e409.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.09.016.
|
| [72] |
Albisinni S, Mélot C, Aoun F, Limani K, Peltier A, Rischmann P, et al. Focal treatment for unilateral prostate cancer using high-intensity focal ultrasound: A comprehensive study of pooled data. J Endourol 2018; 32:797e804.
|
| [73] |
Abreu AL, Peretsman S, Iwata A, Shakir A, Iwata T, Brooks J, et al. High intensity focused ultrasound hemigland ablation for prostate cancer: Initial outcomes of a United States series. J Urol 2020; 204:741e7.
|
| [74] |
Lian H, Zhuang J, Yang R, Qu F, Wang W, Lin T, et al. Focal cryoablation for unilateral low-intermediate-risk prostate cancer: 63-month mean follow-up results of 41 patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:85e90.
|
| [75] |
Eggener SE, Yousuf A, Watson S, Wang S, Oto A. Phase II evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging guided focal laser ablation of prostate cancer. J Urol 2016; 196:1670e5.
|
| [76] |
Shoji S, Nakano M, Fujikawa H, Endo K, Hashimoto A, Tomonaga T, et al. Urethra-sparing high-intensity focused ul-trasound for localized prostate cancer: functional and onco-logical outcomes. Int J Urol 2015; 22:1043e9.
|
| [1] |
Edward K. Chang,Adam J. Gadzinski,Yaw A. Nyame. Blood and urine biomarkers in prostate cancer: Are we ready for reflex testing in men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen?[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2021, 8(4): 343-353. |
| [2] |
Akira Kurozumi,Shawn E. Lupold. Alternative polyadenylation: An untapped source for prostate cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets?[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2021, 8(4): 407-415. |
| [3] |
Wattanachai Ratanapornsompong,Suthep Pacharatakul,Premsant Sangkum,Chareon Leenanupan,Wisoot Kongcharoensombat. Effect of puboprostatic ligament preservation during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy on early continence: Randomized controlled trial[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2021, 8(3): 260-268. |
| [4] |
Kulthe Ramesh Seetharam Bhat,Srinivas Samavedi,Marcio Covas Moschovas,Fikret Fatih Onol,Shannon Roof,Travis Rogers,Vipul R. Patel,Ananthakrishnan Sivaraman. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided prostate biopsy—A review of literature[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2021, 8(1): 105-116. |
| [5] |
Zepeng Jia,Yifan Chang,Yan Wang,Jing Li,Min Qu,Feng Zhu,Huan Chen,Bijun Lian,Meimian Hua,Yinghao Sun,Xu Gao. Sustainable functional urethral reconstruction: Maximizing early continence recovery in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2021, 8(1): 126-133. |
| [6] |
Simeng Wen,Yuanjie Niu,Haojie Huang. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(3): 203-218. |
| [7] |
Ieva Eringyte,Joanna N. Zamarbide Losada,Sue M. Powell,Charlotte L. Bevan,Claire E. Fletcher. Coordinated AR and microRNA regulation in prostate cancer[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(3): 233-250. |
| [8] |
Yezi Zhu,Jun Luo. Regulation of androgen receptor variants in prostate cancer[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(3): 251-257. |
| [9] |
Ramesh Narayanan. Therapeutic targeting of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR variants in prostate cancer[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(3): 271-283. |
| [10] |
Yinghao Sun,Liping Xie,Tao Xu,Jørn S. Jakobsen,Weiqing Han,Per S. Sørensen,Xiaofeng Wang. Efficacy and safety of degarelix in patients with prostate cancer: Results from a phase III study in China[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(3): 301-308. |
| [11] |
Anne Holck Storås,Martin G. Sanda,Olatz Garin,Peter Chang,Dattatraya Patil,Catrina Crociani,Jose Francisco Suarez,Milada Cvancarova,Jon Håvard Loge,Sophie D. Fosså. A prospective study of patient reported urinary incontinence among American, Norwegian and Spanish men 1 year after prostatectomy[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(2): 161-169. |
| [12] |
Huan Chen,Bijun Lian,Zhenyang Dong,Yan Wang,Min Qu,Feng Zhu,Yinghao Sun,Xu Gao. Experience of one single surgeon with the first 500 robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy cases in mainland China[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(2): 170-176. |
| [13] |
lIlan Klein,Jorge Gutiérrez-Aceves. Preoperative imaging in staghorn calculi, planning and decision making in management of staghorn calculi[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(2): 87-93. |
| [14] |
Bohdan Baralo,Patrick Samson,David Hoenig,Arthur Smith. Percutaneous kidney stone surgery and radiation exposure: A review[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2020, 7(1): 10-17. |
| [15] |
Kerri Beckmann,Michael O’Callaghan,Andrew Vincent,Penelope Cohen,Martin Borg,David Roder,Sue Evans,Jeremy Millar,Kim Moretti. Extent and predictors of grade upgrading and downgrading in an Australian cohort according to the new prostate cancer grade groupings[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2019, 6(4): 321-329. |
|
|
|
|
