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Census report on Chinese urological surgeons |
Yinghao Suna,*(),Liqun Zhoub,Junhua Zhangc,Nianzeng Xingd,Qian Zhangb,Xiuzhong Huc,Linhui Wange,Yinglu Guob
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a Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China b Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China c Health Human Resources Development Center, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China d Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China e Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China |
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Abstract Objective: To grasp the general situation of Chinese urological surgeons and the status quo of their scientific research, work and training, thus providing valuable recommendations for urological talent team construction in future. Methods: The survey respondents were the urological surgeons, who held the Certificate of Medical Practitioner in the People's Republic of China, whose scope of practice was confined to urological surgery. The urological surgeons involved in the project completed an online questionnaire survey. All the data were collected through the internet. Results: There were a total of 18 981 urological surgeons in China in 2015, of whom 15 875 from 2 602 hospitals participated in this project, with a mean age of 39.64 years old. In 2015, 1 949 631 cases of surgery were performed, including 493 723 cases of open surgery, 1 146 444 cases of endoscopic/laparoscopic surgery (robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery were excluded), 6 259 robot-assisted surgery and other types of urological surgery. Besides, Chinese urological surgeons published 1 358 monographs as well as 14 558 academic papers, and also obtained 2 064 scientific funds in 2015. A total of 92 122 person-time participated in academic conferences. Urological surgeons with higher educational degrees as well as higher academic titles and from Eastern China or higher-level hospitals had more opportunities to participate in further education and training. Conclusion: This is the very first census conducted through internet on urological surgeons' multiple aspects. After analyzing and summarizing the data collected, the Census could improve the quality of urological diseases diagnosis and treatment in China.
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Received: 07 April 2019
Available online: 10 December 2019
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Corresponding Authors:
Yinghao Sun
E-mail: sunyhsmmu@126.com
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Census timeline.
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Province or municipality | Number of urological surgeons | Constituent ratio (%) | Number of urological surgeons (Per 106 population) | Total population (×106) | Gross regional domestic product (×109 RMB) | Beijing | 827 | 4.4 | 38.43 | 21.52 | 21 330.83 | Yunnan | 1 114 | 5.9 | 23.63 | 47.14 | 12 814.59 | Shanghai | 505 | 2.7 | 20.82 | 24.26 | 23 567.70 | Guangdong | 2 187 | 11.5 | 20.39 | 107.24 | 67 809.85 | Chongqing | 570 | 3.0 | 19.06 | 29.91 | 14 262.60 | Zhejiang | 1 046 | 5.5 | 18.99 | 55.08 | 40 173.03 | Shanxi | 688 | 3.6 | 18.86 | 36.48 | 12 761.49 | Henan | 1 742 | 9.2 | 18.46 | 94.36 | 34 938.24 | Qinghai | 104 | 0.5 | 17.84 | 5.83 | 2 303.32 | Inner Mongolia | 441 | 2.3 | 17.60 | 25.05 | 17 770.19 | Hunan | 1 185 | 6.2 | 17.59 | 67.37 | 27 037.32 | Ningxia | 103 | 0.5 | 15.56 | 6.62 | 2 752.10 | Shaanxi | 569 | 3.0 | 15.07 | 37.75 | 17 689.94 | Hubei | 848 | 4.5 | 14.58 | 58.16 | 27 379.22 | Tianjin | 219 | 1.2 | 14.44 | 15.17 | 15 726.93 | Shandong | 1 333 | 7.0 | 13.62 | 97.89 | 59 426.59 | Liaoning | 573 | 3.0 | 13.05 | 43.91 | 28 626.58 | Hainan | 112 | 0.6 | 12.40 | 9.03 | 3 500.72 | Hebei | 872 | 4.6 | 11.81 | 73.84 | 29 421.15 | Anhui | 691 | 3.6 | 11.36 | 60.83 | 20 848.75 | Heilongjiang | 407 | 2.1 | 10.62 | 38.33 | 15 039.38 | Gansu | 273 | 1.4 | 10.54 | 25.91 | 6 836.82 | Jilin | 278 | 1.5 | 10.10 | 27.52 | 13 803.14 | Jiangsu | 705 | 3.7 | 8.86 | 79.6 | 65 088.32 | Guangxi | 400 | 2.1 | 8.41 | 47.54 | 15 672.89 | Fujian | 259 | 1.4 | 6.81 | 38.06 | 24 055.76 | Xinjiang | 153 | 0.8 | 6.66 | 22.98 | 9 273.46 | Sichuan | 518 | 2.7 | 6.36 | 81.4 | 28 536.66 | Tibet | 16 | 0.1 | 5.03 | 3.18 | 920.83 | Jiangxi | 195 | 1.0 | 4.29 | 45.42 | 15 714.63 | Guizhou | 48 | 0.3 | 1.37 | 35.08 | 9 266.39 | Total | 18 981 | 100.0 | 13.95 (average) | 1362.46 | 684 349.40 |
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The number of urological surgeons in each province or municipality (sorted by number of urological surgeons per 1 000 000 population) [3].
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Province or municipality | Age, year | Surgeons, n | 18-19 | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ≥70 | Beijing | 8 | 32 | 267 | 241 | 112 | 11 | 0 | 671 | Tianjin | 0 | 17 | 85 | 68 | 34 | 10 | 0 | 214 | Hebei | 2 | 28 | 340 | 207 | 114 | 8 | 1 | 700 | Shanxi | 0 | 34 | 207 | 147 | 110 | 6 | 1 | 505 | Inner Mongolia | 0 | 26 | 168 | 127 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 378 | Liaoning | 0 | 43 | 191 | 156 | 73 | 4 | 0 | 467 | Jilin | 0 | 11 | 126 | 75 | 39 | 4 | 0 | 255 | Heilongjiang | 3 | 24 | 144 | 120 | 49 | 3 | 2 | 345 | Shanghai | 0 | 20 | 216 | 170 | 67 | 10 | 2 | 485 | Jiangsu | 0 | 39 | 239 | 140 | 84 | 9 | 5 | 516 | Zhejiang | 2 | 96 | 458 | 272 | 119 | 18 | 10 | 975 | Anhui | 0 | 81 | 287 | 161 | 91 | 9 | 0 | 629 | Fujian | 0 | 37 | 102 | 74 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 241 | Jiangxi | 0 | 21 | 71 | 45 | 16 | 2 | 1 | 156 | Shandong | 3 | 77 | 529 | 266 | 156 | 14 | 3 | 1 048 | Henan | 2 | 68 | 648 | 356 | 231 | 26 | 12 | 1 343 | Hubei | 1 | 51 | 320 | 211 | 77 | 14 | 2 | 676 | Hunan | 0 | 106 | 533 | 358 | 92 | 14 | 2 | 1 105 | Guangdong | 3 | 187 | 906 | 552 | 329 | 31 | 5 | 2 013 | Guangxi | 2 | 29 | 144 | 88 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 283 | Hainan | 1 | 6 | 44 | 23 | 22 | 4 | 1 | 101 | Chongqing | 0 | 43 | 165 | 116 | 49 | 5 | 0 | 378 | Sichuan | 0 | 33 | 197 | 92 | 47 | 7 | 1 | 377 | Guizhou | 0 | 6 | 22 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 39 | Yunnan | 2 | 88 | 458 | 329 | 104 | 11 | 0 | 992 | Tibet | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14 | Shaanxi | 0 | 25 | 214 | 158 | 52 | 5 | 1 | 455 | Gansu | 0 | 18 | 89 | 68 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 201 | Qinghai | 0 | 4 | 39 | 38 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 91 | Ningxia | 1 | 2 | 42 | 33 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 96 | Xinjiang | 0 | 13 | 49 | 56 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 126 | Total | 30 | 1 266 | 7 307 | 4 761 | 2 219 | 241 | 51 | 15 875 |
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Age distribution of urological surgeons in each province or municipality.
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Province or municipality | High school | Junior college | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Beijing | 1 | 5 | 188 | 477 | Tianjin | 0 | 12 | 80 | 122 | Hebei | 1 | 38 | 427 | 234 | Shanxi | 0 | 14 | 297 | 194 | Inner Mongolia | 0 | 15 | 251 | 112 | Liaoning | 1 | 10 | 182 | 274 | Jilin | 0 | 13 | 116 | 126 | Heilongjiang | 1 | 8 | 150 | 186 | Shanghai | 0 | 1 | 89 | 395 | Jiangsu | 1 | 5 | 292 | 218 | Zhejiang | 2 | 19 | 494 | 460 | Anhui | 0 | 12 | 414 | 203 | Fujian | 0 | 4 | 130 | 107 | Jiangxi | 1 | 6 | 75 | 74 | Shandong | 0 | 28 | 443 | 577 | Henan | 4 | 81 | 809 | 449 | Hubei | 0 | 15 | 305 | 356 | Hunan | 2 | 32 | 710 | 361 | Guangdong | 2 | 87 | 1 146 | 778 | Guangxi | 0 | 4 | 148 | 131 | Hainan | 0 | 4 | 47 | 50 | Chongqing | 0 | 15 | 203 | 160 | Sichuan | 0 | 9 | 188 | 180 | Guizhou | 0 | 3 | 33 | 3 | Yunnan | 1 | 77 | 767 | 147 | Tibet | 0 | 3 | 9 | 2 | Shaanxi | 2 | 13 | 259 | 181 | Gansu | 0 | 18 | 130 | 53 | Qinghai | 0 | 6 | 74 | 11 | Ningxia | 0 | 1 | 62 | 33 | Xinjiang | 0 | 15 | 92 | 19 | Total | 19 | 573 | 8 610 | 6 673 |
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Highest education degrees obtained by urological surgeons in each province and municipality.
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Proportion of hospitals with department of urology among all the hospitals in China in each province or municipality.
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Hospitals of different levels in China.
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Province or municipality | Cases of surgery | Proportion (%) | Beijing | 71 408 | 3.7 | Tianjin | 15 609 | 0.8 | Hebei | 66 208 | 3.4 | Shanxi | 34 563 | 1.8 | Inner Mongolia | 26 651 | 1.4 | Liaoning | 44 361 | 2.3 | Jilin | 19 366 | 1.0 | Heilongjiang | 38 012 | 1.9 | Shanghai | 81 455 | 4.2 | Jiangsu | 71 038 | 3.6 | Zhejiang | 133 495 | 6.8 | Anhui | 60 404 | 3.1 | Fujian | 33 528 | 1.7 | Jiangxi | 20 004 | 1.0 | Shandong | 110 571 | 5.7 | Henan | 181 195 | 9.3 | Hubei | 87 187 | 4.5 | Hunan | 139 143 | 7.1 | Guangdong | 273 800 | 14.0 | Guangxi | 46 015 | 2.4 | Hainan | 9 442 | 0.5 | Chongqing | 58 953 | 3.0 | Sichuan | 85 373 | 4.4 | Guizhou | 6 389 | 0.3 | Yunnan | 132 810 | 6.8 | Tibet | 979 | 0.1 | Shaanxi | 50 751 | 2.6 | Gansu | 21 327 | 1.1 | Qinghai | 6 099 | 0.3 | Ningxia | 8 391 | 0.4 | Xinjiang | 15 104 | 0.8 | Total | 1 949 631 | 100.0 |
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Cases of surgery performed in each province or municipality in 2015.
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Province or municipality | Number of urological surgeons | Cases of surgery | Cases of surgery performed per urological surgeon | Sichuan | 518 | 85 373 | 164.8 | Shanghai | 505 | 81 455 | 161.3 | Guizhou | 48 | 6 389 | 133.1 | Fujian | 259 | 33 528 | 129.5 | Zhejiang | 1 046 | 133 495 | 127.6 | Guangdong | 2 187 | 273 800 | 125.2 | Yunnan | 1 114 | 132 810 | 119.2 | Hunan | 1 185 | 139 143 | 117.4 | Guangxi | 400 | 46 015 | 115.0 | Henan | 1 742 | 181 195 | 104.0 | Chongqing | 570 | 58 953 | 103.4 | Hubei | 848 | 87 187 | 102.8 | Jiangxi | 195 | 20 004 | 102.6 | Jiangsu | 705 | 71 038 | 100.8 | Xinjiang | 153 | 15 104 | 98.7 | Heilongjiang | 407 | 38 012 | 93.4 | Shaanxi | 569 | 50 751 | 89.2 | Anhui | 691 | 60 404 | 87.4 | Beijing | 827 | 71 408 | 86.3 | Hainan | 112 | 9 442 | 84.3 | Shandong | 1 333 | 110 571 | 82.9 | Ningxia | 103 | 8 391 | 81.5 | Gansu | 273 | 21 327 | 78.1 | Liaoning | 573 | 44 361 | 77.4 | Hebei | 872 | 66 208 | 75.9 | Tianjin | 219 | 15 609 | 71.3 | Jilin | 278 | 19 366 | 69.7 | Tibet | 16 | 979 | 61.2 | Inner Mongolia | 441 | 26 651 | 60.4 | Qinghai | 104 | 6 099 | 58.6 | Shanxi | 688 | 34 563 | 50.2 |
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Cases of surgery performed per urological surgeon in 2015.
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Amount of surgery performed in different levels of hospitals.
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Province or municipality | Cases of open surgery, n | Beijing | 8 179 | Tianjin | 4 493 | Hebei | 22 551 | Shanxi | 13 331 | Inner Mongolia | 11 461 | Liaoning | 11 870 | Jilin | 4 251 | Heilongjiang | 15 972 | Shanghai | 20 597 | Jiangsu | 26 758 | Zhejiang | 34 467 | Anhui | 19 569 | Fujian | 8 467 | Jiangxi | 2 436 | Shandong | 28 132 | Henan | 53 673 | Hubei | 17 434 | Hunan | 27 253 | Guangdong | 59 307 | Guangxi | 9 897 | Hainan | 2 311 | Chongqing | 10 442 | Sichuan | 15 014 | Guizhou | 3 161 | Yunnan | 29 780 | Tibet | 495 | Shaanxi | 14 881 | Gansu | 7 479 | Qinghai | 2 481 | Ningxia | 2 715 | Xinjiang | 4 866 | Total | 493 723 |
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Cases of open surgery performed in each province or municipality in 2015.
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Province or municipality | Cases of laparoscopic surgery, n | Beijing | 15 433 | Tianjin | 2 815 | Hebei | 7 759 | Shanxi | 3 432 | Inner Mongolia | 3 061 | Liaoning | 7 566 | Jilin | 3 630 | Heilongjiang | 6 068 | Shanghai | 10 344 | Jiangsu | 10 898 | Zhejiang | 21 982 | Anhui | 8 488 | Fujian | 4 593 | Jiangxi | 1 280 | Shandong | 21 057 | Henan | 25 360 | Hubei | 12 993 | Hunan | 10 479 | Guangdong | 28 845 | Guangxi | 4 144 | Hainan | 1 189 | Chongqing | 7 115 | Sichuan | 13 430 | Guizhou | 229 | Yunnan | 7 163 | Tibet | 38 | Shaanxi | 5 812 | Gansu | 1 839 | Qinghai | 394 | Ningxia | 1 003 | Xinjiang | 1 421 | Total | 249 860 |
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Cases of laparoscopic surgery performed in each province or municipality in 2015.
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Province or municipality | Number | Proportion (%) | Beijing | 950 | 15.2 | Tianjin | 0 | 0.0 | Hebei | 0 | 0.0 | Shanxi | 0 | 0.0 | Inner Mongolia | 0 | 0.0 | Liaoning | 4 | 0.1 | Jilin | 74 | 1.2 | Heilongjiang | 0 | 0.0 | Shanghai | 2 259 | 36.1 | Jiangsu | 0 | 0.0 | Zhejiang | 1 174 | 18.8 | Anhui | 138 | 2.2 | Fujian | 0 | 0.0 | Jiangxi | 0 | 0.0 | Shandong | 100 | 1.6 | Henan | 200 | 3.2 | Hubei | 410 | 6.6 | Hunan | 16 | 0.3 | Guangdong | 102 | 1.6 | Guangxi | 0 | 0.0 | Hainan | 0 | 0.0 | Chongqing | 58 | 0.9 | Sichuan | 547 | 8.7 | Guizhou | 0 | 0.0 | Yunnan | 34 | 0.5 | Tibet | 0 | 0.0 | Shaanxi | 192 | 3.1 | Gansu | 1 | 0.0 | Qinghai | 0 | 0.0 | Ningxia | 0 | 0.0 | Xinjiang | 0 | 0.0 | Total | 6 259 | 100.0 |
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Cases of robot-assisted surgery performed in each province or municipality in 2015.
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Province or municipality | Academic monograph, n | Editors-in-chief | Co-editor | Total | Beijing | 28 | 107 | 135 | Tianjin | 1 | 20 | 21 | Hebei | 84 | 103 | 187 | Shanxi | 12 | 21 | 33 | Inner Mongolia | 2 | 15 | 17 | Liaoning | 17 | 29 | 46 | Jilin | 5 | 8 | 13 | Heilongjiang | 23 | 38 | 61 | Shanghai | 23 | 99 | 122 | Jiangsu | 3 | 22 | 25 | Zhejiang | 7 | 43 | 50 | Anhui | 2 | 10 | 12 | Fujian | 1 | 3 | 4 | Jiangxi | 0 | 2 | 2 | Shandong | 63 | 59 | 122 | Henan | 50 | 89 | 139 | Hubei | 19 | 101 | 120 | Hunan | 5 | 35 | 40 | Guangdong | 12 | 85 | 97 | Guangxi | 1 | 2 | 3 | Hainan | 0 | 2 | 2 | Chongqing | 3 | 10 | 13 | Sichuan | 5 | 18 | 23 | Guizhou | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yunnan | 17 | 34 | 51 | Tibet | 0 | 0 | 0 | Shaanxi | 11 | 41 | 52 | Gansu | 7 | 12 | 19 | Qinghai | 1 | 1 | 2 | Ningxia | 0 | 1 | 1 | Xinjiang | 2 | 6 | 8 | Total | 404 | 1 016 | 1 420 |
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Monographs published by urological surgeons in 2015.
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Academic papers published by urological surgeons in each province or municipality in 2015.
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Scientific research funds at different levels in each province or municipality.
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Chinese urological surgeons' participation in academic conferences in each province or municipality in 2015.
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The frequency of Chinese urological surgeons' participation in vocational education and professional skills training.
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Parameters | Regularly, n (%) | Occasionally, n (%) | Rarely, n (%) | Total, n | Levels of hospitals | Tertiary Grade-A | 4 572 (52.8) | 3 637 (42.0) | 450 (5.2) | 8 659 | Tertiary Grade-B | 871 (43.2) | 1 004 (49.9) | 139 (6.9) | 2 014 | Secondary Grade-A | 1 547 (34.4) | 2 557 (56.8) | 398 (8.8) | 4 502 | Secondary Grade-B | 142 (31.0) | 265 (57.9) | 51 (11.1) | 458 | Primary | 25 (30.9) | 49 (60.5) | 7 (8.6) | 81 | Others | 65 (40.4) | 87 (54.0) | 9 (5.6) | 161 | Academic titles | Chief doctor | 1 720 (68.1) | 734 (28.1) | 72 (2.9) | 2 526 | Associate chief doctor | 2 100 (49.6) | 1 927 (45.5) | 204 (4.8) | 4 231 | Attending doctor | 2 177 (38.7) | 3 025 (53.7) | 427 (7.6) | 5 629 | Resident doctor | 1 225 (35.1) | 1 913 (54.8) | 351 (10.1) | 3 489 | Highest educational degrees | High school or below | 6 (31.6) | 12 (63.2) | 1 (5.3) | 19 | Junior college | 189 (33.0) | 312 (54.5) | 72 (12.6) | 573 | Undergraduate | 3 494 (40.6) | 4 489 (52.1) | 627 (7.3) | 8 610 | Postgraduate | 3 533 (52.9) | 2 786 (41.8) | 354 (5.3) | 6 673 | Geographic distribution | Eastern | 3 820 (51.4) | 3 188 (42.9) | 423 (5.7) | 7 431 | Central | 2 165 (43.2) | 2 495 (49.8) | 354 (7.1) | 5 014 | Western | 1 237 (36.1) | 1 916 (55.9) | 277 (8.1) | 3 430 | Total | 7 222 (45.5) | 7 599 (47.1) | 1 054 (6.6) | 15 875 |
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The variables influencing the frequency of Chinese urological surgeons' participation in vocational education and professional skills training.
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Geographic distribution | Remarkably insufficient, n (%) | Insufficient, n (%) | Sufficient, n (%) | Eastern | 1 007 (13.5) | 4 451 (59.9) | 1 973 (26.6) | Central | 804 (16.0) | 3 112 (62.1) | 1 098 (21.9) | Western | 691 (20.1) | 2 149 (62.7) | 590 (17.2) | Total | 2 502 (15.8) | 9 712 (61.2) | 3 661 (23.1) |
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Feedback of Chinese urological surgeons from different regions on current situation of laparoscopy/endoscopy training.
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Levels of hospitals | Sufficient, n (%) | Insufficient, n (%) | Remarkably insufficient, n (%) | Tertiary Grade-A | 2 589 (29.9) | 5 040 (58.2) | 1 030 (11.9) | Tertiary Grade-B | 363 (18.0) | 1 315 (65.3) | 336 (16.7) | Secondary Grade-A | 619 (13.7) | 2 933 (65.1) | 950 (21.1) | Secondary Grade-B | 58 (12.7) | 275 (60.0) | 125 (27.3) | Primary | 11 (13.6) | 52 (64.2) | 18 (22.2) | Others | 21 (13.0) | 97 (60.2) | 43 (26.7) | Total | 3 661 | 9 712 | 2 502 |
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Feedback of Chinese urological surgeons from different levels of hospitals on current situation of laparoscopy/endoscopy training.
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Approaches | Number | Constituent ratio (%) | Senior surgeons during surgery | 10 062 | 63.4 | Textbooks | 6 555 | 41.3 | Multi-media devices | 3 783 | 23.8 | Stimulators or animals | 10 155 | 64.0 |
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Approaches to improve the understanding of minimally invasive surgery procedures.
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