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| Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia |
Liu Yua,Chen Yuntiana,Liao Banghuaa,Luo Deyia,Wang Kunjiea,*( ),Li Honga,Zeng Guohuab
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a. Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
b. Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China |
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Abstract In Asia, about 1%-19.1% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. However, due to variations in socio-economic status and geographic locations, the prevalence and incidence have changed in different countries or regions over the years. The research for risk factors of urinary tract stones is of predominant importance. In this review, we find the prevalence of urolithiasis is 5%-19.1% in West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, as well as some developed countries (South Korea and Japan), whereas, it is only 1%-8% in most part of East Asia and North Asia. The recurrence rate ranges from 21% to 53% after 3-5 years. Calcium oxalate (75%-90%) is the most frequent component of calculi, followed by uric acid (5%-20%), calcium phosphate (6%-13%), struvite (2%-15%), apatite (1%) and cystine (0.5%-1%). The incidence of urolithiasis reaches its peak in population aged over 30 years. Males are more likely to suffer from urinary calculi. Because of different dietary habits or genetic background, differences of prevalence among races or nationalities also exist. Genetic mutation of specific locus may contribute to the formation of different kinds of calculi. Dietary habits (westernized dietary habits and less fluid intake), as well as climatic factors (hot temperature and many hours of exposure to sunshine) play a crucial role in the development of stones. Other diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, may also contribute to urinary tract stones.
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Received: 14 January 2018
Published: 19 November 2018
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| Fund:This study was supported by 1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China(No. ZY2016104);Central Financial Fund,Guangzhou Medical University, China(No. 2010A060801016) |
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Corresponding Authors:
Wang Kunjie
E-mail: wangkj@scu.edu.cn
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| About author:: 1Both authors contributed equally to this work |
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| Study | Country/Region | Year (s) | Type of stones | Prevalence (%) | Incidence (/100 000) | Recurrence rate (%) | Male to female ratio | Age of peak prevalence (years) | Calcium oxalate (%) | Calcium phosphate (%) | Uric acid (%) | Cystine (%) | Struvite (%) | Apatite (%) | | Zeng and He, 2013 [8] | China | 2008 | Kidney stones | 4 | — | — | 1.26 | 50-70 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Wu et al., 2014 [66] | China | 2003-2012 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 78.3 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 14.6 | — | | Chen et al., 2017 [9] | China | 2013-2014 | Urolithiasis | 7.96 | — | — | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Zeng et al., 2017 [10] | China | 2013-2014 | Kidney stones | 6.4 | — | — | 1.3 | 65-74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Lee et al., 2002 [13] | Taiwan, China | 1994-1996 | UUT | 9.6 | — | — | 1.08 | 51-60 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Hsu et al., 2002 [67] | Taiwan, China | 1956-1999 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 2.3 | — | 87.3 | 71.8 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 65.6 | | Huang et al., 2013 [2] | Taiwan, China | 1997-2010 | UUT | 7.38 | 1278-1367 | 6.12 (1 yr),
34.71 (5 yrs) | 1.32-1.95 | 60-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Kim et al., 2002 [12] | South Korea | 1998 | Urolithiasis | 3.5 | 900 | 20 (2 yrs) | 3.3-6.3 | 50-59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Bae et al., 2014 [68] | South Korea | 2009 | UUT | — | 457.02 | | 1.8 | 60-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Choi and Yoon, 2017 [54] | South Korea | 2008-2013 | Urolithiasis | 12.2-9.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Tae and Balpukov, 2018 [5] | South Korea | 2002-2013 | Urolithiasis | 11.5 | 440-560 | 21.3 (5 yrs), 38.1 (10 yrs) | 1.3 | 60-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Takasaki, 1975 [43] | Japan | 1953-1970 | Urolithiasis | — | — | 38.6-55.6 | — | 20-39 | 72.9 | — | 3.9 | 0.95 | 22.1 | — | | Yoshida and Okada, 1990 [30] | Japan | 1945-1987 | Urolithiasis | 5.4 | 53.8-92.5 | — | 7-2.4 | 30-59 | 79.4 | — | 5.2 | 1 | 7.4 | — | | Kohri et al., 1991 [51] | Japan | 1977-1985 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 3 | 30-59 | 63.8 | 65.3 | 1.8 | — | 17.3 | — | | Iguchi et al., 1996 [40] | Japan | 1992 | Urolithiasis | 6.95 | 970 | 24.20 | 1-2 | 50-59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Yoshida et al., 1999 [7] | Japan | 1965-1995 | Urolithiasis | 4.3-9.0 | 43.7-110.9 | — | 1.8-2.8 | 20-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Yasui et al., 2008 [11] | Japan | 1965-2005 | Urolithiasis | — | 54.2-114.3 | — | 2.54-2.76 | 30-79 | 83.7-92.1 | — | 4.6-5.5 | 1.6 | 5.1-23.3 | — | | Yasui et al., 2008 [6] | Japan | 1965-2006 | LUT | — | 4.7-9.1 | — | — | 50-69 | 72.1-69.9 | — | 13.4-19.3 | 1.1-3.1 | 59.3-66 | — |
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Epidemiological data and composition of urinary tract stones in East Asia.
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| Study | Country/Region | Year (s) | Type of stones | Prevalence (%) | Incidence (/100 000) | Recurrence rate (%) | Male to female ratio | Age of peak prevalence | Calcium oxalate (%) | Calcium phosphate (%) | Uric acid (%) | Cystine (%) | Struvite (%) | Apatite (%) | | Novikov et al., 2012 [3] | Russia | 1980-2008 | Urolithiasis | 2-3 | 53-609.3 | 49 (1 yr),
53 (3 yrs),
77 (lifetime) | 1.9 | — | 33-85 | 20.9-27 | 10.5-30 | 2.70 | — | — | | Pendse and Singh, 1986 [41] | India | 1986a | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 93 | 94.6 | — | — | 78.2 | — | | Ansari et al., 2005 [46] | India | 1998-2003 | UUT | — | — | — | — | — | 93 | — | 0.95 | — | 1.42 | 1.80 | | Ganesamoni and Singh, 2012 [4] | India | 2012 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 86-97 | 1.90 | 0.95-1.2 | — | 1.4-2.7 | 1-1.8 | | Kale et al., 2014 [17] | India | 1994-2008 | Urolithiasis | — | 30-930 | — | 1.8 | 21-40 | Major | — | — | — | — | — | | Silva and Maciel, 2016 [48] | India | 2010-2012 | Urolithiasis | — | 31.7 | — | 0.9 | 30-39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Kumari et al., 2016 [69] | India | 2013 | Kidney stones | 7.6 | — | 26-53 (10 yrs) | — | — | 95.2 | 71.4 | 52.3 | — | — | — | | Memon et al., 2012 [14] | Pakistan | 1975-2010 | Urolithiasis | 16 | 0.2-200 | — | 1.2-13.2 | — | 74-96 | 23-51 | 2-38 | 0.2-0.5 | 2.4-16 | 6-18 | | Halstead and Valyasevi, 1967 [35] | Thailand | 1963 | Bladder stones | 1.4 | — | 4.3 (0.5 yr) | 4.6 | 30-39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Sriboonlue et al., 1992 [55] | Thailand | 1992a | UUT | — | 376 | — | 2 | 40-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Nimmannit et al., 1996 [15] | Thailand | 1996a | Kidney stones | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Yanagawa et al., 1997 [16] | Thailand | 1997a | Urolithiasis | 16.9 | 3000 | — | 2 | 20-50 | 44-49 | — | — | — | — | — | | Tanthanuch et al., 2005 [49] | Thailand | 2000 | Urolithiasis | — | 183.8 | — | 1.6 | 41-50 | 64 | 41 | 26 | — | — | — | | Sreenevasan et al., 1981 [18] | Malaysia | 1962-1976 | Urolithiasis | — | 33.3 | — | 3 | 30-60 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Lim et al., 1988 [34] | Malaysia | 1980 | Urolithiasis | — | 3.4 | — | 1.2 | 40-79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Sreenevasan et al., 1990 [19] | Malaysia | 1962-1981 | Urolithiasis | — | 224.2-442.7 | — | — | 30-59 | 81 | — | 3.50 | 0.50 | 5 | — | | Nazmi et al., 1997 [33] | Malaysia | 1985-1995 | Kidney stones | — | 9.8 | — | 2 | 50-59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Hussein et al., 2013 [62] | Malaysia | 1981-1997 | Urolithiasis | — | 9.8-37 | — | 4.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Thalut et al., 1976 [31] | Indonesia | 1976a | Bladder stones | — | 8.3 | — | 12 | — | Major | — | — | — | Major | — |
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Epidemiological data and composition of urinary tract stones in North, South and Southeast Asia.
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| Study | Country/Region | Year (s) | Type of stones | Prevalence (%) | Incidence (/100 000) | Recurrence rate (%) | Male to female ratio | Age of peak prevalence | Calcium oxalate (%) | Calcium phosphate (%) | Uric acid (%) | Cystine (%) | Struvite (%) | Apatite (%) | | Abdel-Halim et al., 1989 [20] | Saudi Arabia | 1989a | UUT | 6.8 | — | 38.6-53.2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Abomelha et al., 1990 [36] | Saudi Arabia | 1980-1985 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 5 | 30-60 | 76 | 3.30 | 20.50 | — | — | — | | Ahmad et al., 2015 [21] | Saudi Arabia | 2004-2008 | Urolithiasis | 19.1 | — | — | 3.5 | 25-45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Nasir et al., 1999 [52] | United Arab Emirates | 1999a | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 38.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 | — | — | — | | Freeg et al., 2012 [22] | United Arab Emirates | 2007-2009 | Urolithiasis | — | 59.53-94.58 | — | 5.2 | <40 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Salem and Abu Elezz, 1969 [59] | Kuwait | 1966-1968 | Kidney stones | 4-5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | el-Reshaid et al., 1997 [23] | Kuwait | 1986-1994 | Urolithiasis | — | 23.9 | — | >1 | — | 72.10 | — | 15.40 | 2.40 | — | — | | Al-Hunayan et al., 2004 [24] | Kuwait | 1999-2002 | Urolithiasis | — | 43.44 | — | 9 | — | 90 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 1 | — | | Minon and Pourmand, 1983 [45] | Iran | 1978-1979 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 81.5 | 0.9 | 12.6 | 0.9 | 8.7 | 69 | | Safarinejad, 2007 [25] | Iran | 2005 | Urolithiasis | 5.7 | 138.4 | 16 (1 yr),
32 (5 yrs) | 1.15 | 40-69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Shajari and Sanjerehei, 2015 [60] | Iran | 2005 | Urolithiasis | 6.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Shokouhi et al., 2008 [44] | Iran | 2001-2006 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 2.7 | — | 80.2 | 2.4 | 16.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | — | | Ketabchi and Aziziolahi, 2008 [26] | Iran | 2005-2006 | Urolithiasis | 8.1 | — | — | 1.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Basiri et al., 2010 [27] | Iran | 2006-2007 | Urolithiasis | — | 407 | — | 1.38 | 55-65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Afaj and Sultan, 2005 [32] | Iraq | 1997 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 4 | 15-50 | 46.1 | 38.4 | 15.4 | — | — | — | | Pugliese and Baker, 2009 [38] | Iraq | 2005 | Urolithiasis | 1 | — | 60-80 (lifetime) | 2-4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Frank et al., 1959 [28] | Israel | 1957-1958 | Urolithiasis | 1.2 | — | — | 1.6 | 41-50 | 75 | 54 | 17 | 8 | — | — | | Frank et al., 1963 [29] | Israel | 1963a | Urolithiasis | 2.4-9.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Akinci et al., 1991 [50] | Turkey | 1989 | Urolithiasis | 14.8 | 2200 | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Yapanoglu et al., 2010 [37] | Turkey | 2005-2008 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 2.48 | — | 72.7 | — | 7.7 | 0.6 | 2 | 1 | | Muslumanoglu et al., 2011 [39] | Turkey | 2008 | Urolithiasis | 11 | 1700 | 16.7 (1 yr), 35.7 (5 yrs) | 1 | 45-54 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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Epidemiological data and composition of urinary tract stones in West Asia.
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