Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia

doi:10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.007

摘要
图/表
参考文献
相关文章
推荐阅读
Metrics

下载:

HTML

PDF (462KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

	服务
	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	作者相关文章

Abstract:

In Asia, about 1%-19.1% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. However, due to variations in socio-economic status and geographic locations, the prevalence and incidence have changed in different countries or regions over the years. The research for risk factors of urinary tract stones is of predominant importance. In this review, we find the prevalence of urolithiasis is 5%-19.1% in West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, as well as some developed countries (South Korea and Japan), whereas, it is only 1%-8% in most part of East Asia and North Asia. The recurrence rate ranges from 21% to 53% after 3-5 years. Calcium oxalate (75%-90%) is the most frequent component of calculi, followed by uric acid (5%-20%), calcium phosphate (6%-13%), struvite (2%-15%), apatite (1%) and cystine (0.5%-1%). The incidence of urolithiasis reaches its peak in population aged over 30 years. Males are more likely to suffer from urinary calculi. Because of different dietary habits or genetic background, differences of prevalence among races or nationalities also exist. Genetic mutation of specific locus may contribute to the formation of different kinds of calculi. Dietary habits (westernized dietary habits and less fluid intake), as well as climatic factors (hot temperature and many hours of exposure to sunshine) play a crucial role in the development of stones. Other diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, may also contribute to urinary tract stones.

Key words: Urolithiasis Epidemiology Prevalence Incidence Component Risk factors

收稿日期: 2018-01-14 修回日期: 2018-04-08 接受日期: 2018-07-11 出版日期: 2018-09-06 发布日期: 2018-11-19 整期出版日期: 2018-10-20

引用本文:

. [J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(4): 205-214.
Liu Yu,Chen Yuntian,Liao Banghua,Luo Deyi,Wang Kunjie,Li Hong,Zeng Guohua. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(4): 205-214.

链接本文:

http://www.ajurology.com/CN/10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.007 或 http://www.ajurology.com/CN/Y2018/V5/I4/205

Study	Country/Region	Year (s)	Type of stones	Prevalence (%)	Incidence (/100 000)	Recurrence rate (%)	Male to female ratio	Age of peak prevalence (years)	Calcium oxalate (%)	Calcium phosphate (%)	Uric acid (%)	Cystine (%)	Struvite (%)	Apatite (%)
Zeng and He, 2013 [8]	China	2008	Kidney stones	4	—	—	1.26	50-70	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wu et al., 2014 [66]	China	2003-2012	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	—	—	78.3	3.4	3.6	0.2	14.6	—
Chen et al., 2017 [9]	China	2013-2014	Urolithiasis	7.96	—	—	1.1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zeng et al., 2017 [10]	China	2013-2014	Kidney stones	6.4	—	—	1.3	65-74	—	—	—	—	—	—
Lee et al., 2002 [13]	Taiwan, China	1994-1996	UUT	9.6	—	—	1.08	51-60	—	—	—	—	—	—
Hsu et al., 2002 [67]	Taiwan, China	1956-1999	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	2.3	—	87.3	71.8	7.5	0.2	8.2	65.6
Huang et al., 2013 [2]	Taiwan, China	1997-2010	UUT	7.38	1278-1367	6.12 (1 yr), 34.71 (5 yrs)	1.32-1.95	60-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kim et al., 2002 [12]	South Korea	1998	Urolithiasis	3.5	900	20 (2 yrs)	3.3-6.3	50-59	—	—	—	—	—	—
Bae et al., 2014 [68]	South Korea	2009	UUT	—	457.02		1.8	60-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Choi and Yoon, 2017 [54]	South Korea	2008-2013	Urolithiasis	12.2-9.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tae and Balpukov, 2018 [5]	South Korea	2002-2013	Urolithiasis	11.5	440-560	21.3 (5 yrs), 38.1 (10 yrs)	1.3	60-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Takasaki, 1975 [43]	Japan	1953-1970	Urolithiasis	—	—	38.6-55.6	—	20-39	72.9	—	3.9	0.95	22.1	—
Yoshida and Okada, 1990 [30]	Japan	1945-1987	Urolithiasis	5.4	53.8-92.5	—	7-2.4	30-59	79.4	—	5.2	1	7.4	—
Kohri et al., 1991 [51]	Japan	1977-1985	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	3	30-59	63.8	65.3	1.8	—	17.3	—
Iguchi et al., 1996 [40]	Japan	1992	Urolithiasis	6.95	970	24.20	1-2	50-59	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yoshida et al., 1999 [7]	Japan	1965-1995	Urolithiasis	4.3-9.0	43.7-110.9	—	1.8-2.8	20-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yasui et al., 2008 [11]	Japan	1965-2005	Urolithiasis	—	54.2-114.3	—	2.54-2.76	30-79	83.7-92.1	—	4.6-5.5	1.6	5.1-23.3	—
Yasui et al., 2008 [6]	Japan	1965-2006	LUT	—	4.7-9.1	—	—	50-69	72.1-69.9	—	13.4-19.3	1.1-3.1	59.3-66	—

Study	Country/Region	Year (s)	Type of stones	Prevalence (%)	Incidence (/100 000)	Recurrence rate (%)	Male to female ratio	Age of peak prevalence	Calcium oxalate (%)	Calcium phosphate (%)	Uric acid (%)	Cystine (%)	Struvite (%)	Apatite (%)
Novikov et al., 2012 [3]	Russia	1980-2008	Urolithiasis	2-3	53-609.3	49 (1 yr), 53 (3 yrs), 77 (lifetime)	1.9	—	33-85	20.9-27	10.5-30	2.70	—	—
Pendse and Singh, 1986 [41]	India	1986^a	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	—	—	93	94.6	—	—	78.2	—
Ansari et al., 2005 [46]	India	1998-2003	UUT	—	—	—	—	—	93	—	0.95	—	1.42	1.80
Ganesamoni and Singh, 2012 [4]	India	2012	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	—	—	86-97	1.90	0.95-1.2	—	1.4-2.7	1-1.8
Kale et al., 2014 [17]	India	1994-2008	Urolithiasis	—	30-930	—	1.8	21-40	Major	—	—	—	—	—
Silva and Maciel, 2016 [48]	India	2010-2012	Urolithiasis	—	31.7	—	0.9	30-39	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kumari et al., 2016 [69]	India	2013	Kidney stones	7.6	—	26-53 (10 yrs)	—	—	95.2	71.4	52.3	—	—	—
Memon et al., 2012 [14]	Pakistan	1975-2010	Urolithiasis	16	0.2-200	—	1.2-13.2	—	74-96	23-51	2-38	0.2-0.5	2.4-16	6-18
Halstead and Valyasevi, 1967 [35]	Thailand	1963	Bladder stones	1.4	—	4.3 (0.5 yr)	4.6	30-39	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sriboonlue et al., 1992 [55]	Thailand	1992^a	UUT	—	376	—	2	40-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nimmannit et al., 1996 [15]	Thailand	1996^a	Kidney stones	13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yanagawa et al., 1997 [16]	Thailand	1997^a	Urolithiasis	16.9	3000	—	2	20-50	44-49	—	—	—	—	—
Tanthanuch et al., 2005 [49]	Thailand	2000	Urolithiasis	—	183.8	—	1.6	41-50	64	41	26	—	—	—
Sreenevasan et al., 1981 [18]	Malaysia	1962-1976	Urolithiasis	—	33.3	—	3	30-60	—	—	—	—	—	—
Lim et al., 1988 [34]	Malaysia	1980	Urolithiasis	—	3.4	—	1.2	40-79	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sreenevasan et al., 1990 [19]	Malaysia	1962-1981	Urolithiasis	—	224.2-442.7	—	—	30-59	81	—	3.50	0.50	5	—
Nazmi et al., 1997 [33]	Malaysia	1985-1995	Kidney stones	—	9.8	—	2	50-59	—	—	—	—	—	—
Hussein et al., 2013 [62]	Malaysia	1981-1997	Urolithiasis	—	9.8-37	—	4.6	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Thalut et al., 1976 [31]	Indonesia	1976^a	Bladder stones	—	8.3	—	12	—	Major	—	—	—	Major	—

Study	Country/Region	Year (s)	Type of stones	Prevalence (%)	Incidence (/100 000)	Recurrence rate (%)	Male to female ratio	Age of peak prevalence	Calcium oxalate (%)	Calcium phosphate (%)	Uric acid (%)	Cystine (%)	Struvite (%)	Apatite (%)
Abdel-Halim et al., 1989 [20]	Saudi Arabia	1989^a	UUT	6.8	—	38.6-53.2	2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Abomelha et al., 1990 [36]	Saudi Arabia	1980-1985	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	5	30-60	76	3.30	20.50	—	—	—
Ahmad et al., 2015 [21]	Saudi Arabia	2004-2008	Urolithiasis	19.1	—	—	3.5	25-45	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nasir et al., 1999 [52]	United Arab Emirates	1999^a	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	—	—	38.50	11.50	11.50	—	—	—
Freeg et al., 2012 [22]	United Arab Emirates	2007-2009	Urolithiasis	—	59.53-94.58	—	5.2	<40	—	—	—	—	—	—
Salem and Abu Elezz, 1969 [59]	Kuwait	1966-1968	Kidney stones	4-5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
el-Reshaid et al., 1997 [23]	Kuwait	1986-1994	Urolithiasis	—	23.9	—	>1	—	72.10	—	15.40	2.40	—	—
Al-Hunayan et al., 2004 [24]	Kuwait	1999-2002	Urolithiasis	—	43.44	—	9	—	90	18	7	1	1	—
Minon and Pourmand, 1983 [45]	Iran	1978-1979	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	—	—	81.5	0.9	12.6	0.9	8.7	69
Safarinejad, 2007 [25]	Iran	2005	Urolithiasis	5.7	138.4	16 (1 yr), 32 (5 yrs)	1.15	40-69	—	—	—	—	—	—
Shajari and Sanjerehei, 2015 [60]	Iran	2005	Urolithiasis	6.1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Shokouhi et al., 2008 [44]	Iran	2001-2006	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	2.7	—	80.2	2.4	16.2	0.6	0.4	—
Ketabchi and Aziziolahi, 2008 [26]	Iran	2005-2006	Urolithiasis	8.1	—	—	1.24	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Basiri et al., 2010 [27]	Iran	2006-2007	Urolithiasis	—	407	—	1.38	55-65	—	—	—	—	—	—
Afaj and Sultan, 2005 [32]	Iraq	1997	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	4	15-50	46.1	38.4	15.4	—	—	—
Pugliese and Baker, 2009 [38]	Iraq	2005	Urolithiasis	1	—	60-80 (lifetime)	2-4	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Frank et al., 1959 [28]	Israel	1957-1958	Urolithiasis	1.2	—	—	1.6	41-50	75	54	17	8	—	—
Frank et al., 1963 [29]	Israel	1963^a	Urolithiasis	2.4-9.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Akinci et al., 1991 [50]	Turkey	1989	Urolithiasis	14.8	2200	—	1.5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yapanoglu et al., 2010 [37]	Turkey	2005-2008	Urolithiasis	—	—	—	2.48	—	72.7	—	7.7	0.6	2	1
Muslumanoglu et al., 2011 [39]	Turkey	2008	Urolithiasis	11	1700	16.7 (1 yr), 35.7 (5 yrs)	1	45-54	—	—	—	—	—	—

[1]	Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, Rodgers A, Talati J, Lotan Y . Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol 2017; 35:1301e20. doi: 10.1007/s00345-017-2008-6 pmid: 28213860
[2]	Huang WY, Chen YF, Carter S, Chang HC, Lan CF, Huang KH . Epidemiology of upper urinary tract stone disease in aTaiwanese population: a nationwide, population based study. J Urol 2013; 189:2158e63. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.105 pmid: 23313204
[3]	Novikov A, Nazarov T, Startsev VY. Epidemiology of stonedisease in the Russian federation and post-Soviet era. In:Talati J, Tiselius HG, Albala DM, YE Z, editors. Urolithiasis:basic science and clinical practice, vol 1: epidemiology. London:Springer London; 2012. p. 97e105.
[4]	Ganesamoni R, Singh SK. Epidemiology of stone disease innorthern India. In: Talati J, Tiselius HG, Albala DM, YE Z, editors.Urolithiasis: basic science and clinical practice, vol 1:epidemiology. London: Springer London; 2012. p. 39e46. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_4
[5]	Tae BS, Balpukov U, Cho SY, Jeong CW . Eleven-year cumulativeincidence and estimated lifetime prevalence of urolithiasisin Korea: a national health insurance service-nationalsample cohort based study. J Korean Med Sci 2018;33:e13.. 2018. 33. e13.
[6]	Yasui T, Iguchi M, Suzuki S, Okada A, Itoh Y, Tozawa K , et al. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of lower urinarytract stones in Japan. Urology 2008; 72:1001e5. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.06.038 pmid: 18817962
[7]	Yoshida O, Terai A, Ohkawa T , Okada Y. National trend of theincidence of urolithiasis in Japan from 1965 to 1995. Kidney Int1999; 56:1899e904. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00754.x pmid: 10571800
[8]	Zeng Q, He Y . Age-specific prevalence of kidney stones inChinese urban inhabitants. Urolithiasis 2013; 41:91e3. doi: 10.1007/s00240-012-0520-0 pmid: 23532431
[9]	Chen S, Mai Z, Wu W, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Zeng T , et al. Associatedfactors of urolithiasis for adult residents in rural areas ofChina. J Clin Urol 2017; 32:429e32.
[10]	Zeng G, Mai Z, Xia S, Wang Z, Zhang K, Wang L , et al. Prevalenceof kidney stones in China: an ultrasonography basedcross-sectional study. BJU Int 2017; 120:109e16. doi: 10.1111/bju.13828 pmid: 28236332
[11]	Yasui T, Iguchi M, Suzuki S, Kohri K . Prevalence and epidemiologicalcharacteristics of urolithiasis in Japan: nationaltrends between 1965 and 2005. Urology 2008; 71:209e13. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.09.034 pmid: 18308085
[12]	Kim H, Jo MK, Kwak C, Park SK, Yoo KY, Kang D , et al. Prevalenceand epidemiologic characteristics of urolithiasis inSeoul, Korea. Urology 2002; 59:517e21. doi: 10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01606-5 pmid: 11927302
[13]	Lee YH, Huang WC, Tsai JY, Lu CM, Chen WC, Lee MH , et al. Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of upper urinarycalculi in Taiwan. Urol Int 2002; 68:172e7. doi: 10.1159/000048445 pmid: 11919463
[14]	Memon A, Anwar K, Orakzai N, Ather MH, Biyabani SR, Nasir AR , et al. Epidemiology of stone disease in Pakistan. In:Talati J, Tiselius HG, Albala DM, YE Z, editors. Urolithiasis:basic science and clinical practice, vol 1: epidemiology. London:Springer London; 2012. p. 21e38. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_3
[15]	Nimmannit S, Malasit P, Susaengrat W , Ong-Aj-Yooth S,Vasuvattakul S, Pidetcha P, et al. Prevalence of endemic distalrenal tubular acidosis and renal stone in the northeast ofThailand. Nephron 1996; 72:604e10.
[16]	Yanagawa M, Kawamura J, Onishi T, Soga N, Kameda K, Sriboonlue P , et al. Incidence of urolithiasis in northeastThailand. Int J Urol 1997; 4:537e40. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00304.x pmid: 9477179
[17]	Kale SS, Ghole VS, Pawar NJ, Jagtap DV . Inter-annual variabilityof urolithiasis epidemic from semi-arid part of DeccanVolcanic Province, India: climatic and hydrogeochemicalperspectives. Int J Environ Health Res 2014; 24:278e89. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2013.818105 pmid: 23869912
[18]	Sreenevasan G . Incidence of urinary stones in the variousstates of mainland Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 1981; 36:142e7. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.020 pmid: 7329370
[19]	Sreenevasan G . Urinary stones in Malaysiadits incidence andmanagement. Med J Malaysia 1990; 45:92e112. pmid: 2152025
[20]	Abdel-Halim RE, Al-Hadramy MS, Hussein M, Baghlaf AO, Sibaai AA, Noorwali AW , et al. The prevalence of urolithiasis inthe western region of Saudi Arabia: a population study. In:Walker VR, Sutton RAL, Cameron ECB, Pak CYC, Robertson WG,editors. Urolithiasis. Boston, MA: Springer; 1989. p. 711e2. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0873-5_218
[21]	Ahmad F, Nada MO, Farid AB, Haleem MA, Razack SM . Epidemiologyof urolithiasis with emphasis on ultrasound detection:a retrospective analysis of 5371 cases in Saudi Arabia. Saudi JKidney Dis Transpl 2015; 26:386e91. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.152557 pmid: 25758899
[22]	Freeg MA, Sreedharan J, Muttappallymyalil J, Venkatramana M, Shaafie IA, Mathew E , et al. A retrospectivestudy of the seasonal pattern of urolithiasis. Saudi J Kidney DisTranspl 2012; 23:1232e7. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.103565 pmid: 23168854
[23]	el-Reshaid K, Mughal H, Kapoor M . Epidemiological profile,mineral metabolic pattern and crystallographic analysis ofurolithiasis in Kuwait. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13:229e34. doi: 10.1023/A:1007346727944 pmid: 9085010
[24]	Al-Hunayan A, Abdul-Halim H, Kehinde EO, Al-Awadi K , ElBarky E, Al-Ateequi A. Mode of presentation and first line ofmanagement of non-recurrent urolithiasis in Kuwait. Int J Urol 2004; 11:963e8. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00934.x pmid: 15509198
[25]	Safarinejad MR . Adult urolithiasis in a population-based studyin Iran: prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Urol Res 2007; 35:73e82. doi: 10.1007/s00240-007-0084-6 pmid: 17361397
[26]	Ketabchi AA, Aziziolahi GA . Prevalence of symptomatic urinarycalculi in Kerman, Iran. Urol J 2008; 5:156e60. doi: 10.1088/2058-7058/9/8/6 pmid: 18825621
[27]	Basiri A, Shakhssalim N, Khoshdel AR, Ghahestani SM, Basiri H . The demographic profile of urolithiasis in Iran: a nationwideepidemiologic study. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 42:119e26. doi: 10.1007/s11255-009-9588-z pmid: 19521794
[28]	Frank M, De Vries A, Atsmon A, Lazebnik J, Kochwa S . Epidemiological investigation of urolithiasis in Israel. J Urol1959; 81:497e505. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66053-1 pmid: 13642496
[29]	Frank M, Atsmon A, Sugar P, De Vries A . Epidemiologicalinvestigation of urolithiasis in the hot arid southern region ofIsrael. Urol Int 1963; 15:65e76. doi: 10.1159/000279001 pmid: 13959242
[30]	Yoshida O, Okada Y . Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Japan: achronological and geographical study. Urol Int 1990; 45:104e11. doi: 10.1159/000281680 pmid: 2330656
[31]	Thalut K, Rizal A, Brockis JG, Bowyer RC, Taylor TA, Wisniewski ZS . The endemic bladder stones of Indonesia—epidemiology and clinical features. Br J Urol 1976; 48:617e21. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1976.tb06709.x pmid: 1016835
[32]	Afaj AH, Sultan MA . Mineralogical composition of the urinarystones fromdifferent provinces in Iraq. SciWorld J 2005; 5:24e38. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2005.2 pmid: 15674447
[33]	Nazmi N, Zainal D, Hashim M . Renal stones in Kelantan,Malaysia-has the pattern changed? Southeast Asian J Trop MedPublic Health 1997; 28:641e4. pmid: 9561623
[34]	Lim KG, Edward RH , McAll GL, Thaung M, Wahad NA, Arimainayagam G. Urinary stones in Kelantan, Malaysiadatwo year review. Singap Med J 1988; 29:353e6. pmid: 3249962
[35]	Halstead SB , Valyasevi A. Studies of bladder stone disease inThailand. 3. Epidemiologic studies in Ubol Province. Am J ClinNutr 1967; 20:1329e39. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia 213. doi: 10.1079/PNS19680048 pmid: 6074670
[36]	Abomelha MS, al-Khader AA, Arnold J . Urolithiasis in SaudiArabia. Urology 1990; 35:31e4.
[37]	Yapanoglu T , Demi?el A, Adanur S, Yüksel H, Polat Ö. X-raydiffraction analysis of urinary tract stones. Turk J Med Sci2010; 40:415e20.
[38]	Pugliese JM, Baker KC . Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis inpersonnel returning from operation iraqi freedom. Urology2009; 74:56e60. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.10.079 pmid: 19395003
[39]	Muslumanoglu AY, Binbay M, Yuruk E, Akman T, Tepeler A, Esen T , et al. Updated epidemiologic study of urolithiasis in Turkey. I:changing characteristics of urolithiasis. Urol Res 2011; 39:309e14. doi: 10.1007/s00240-010-0346-6 pmid: 21161646
[40]	Iguchi M, Umekawa T, Katoh Y, Kohri K, Kurita T . Prevalence ofurolithiasis in Kaizuka City, Japandan epidemiologic study ofurinary stones. Int J Urol 1996; 3:175e9. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1996.tb00511.x pmid: 8776612
[41]	Pendse AK, Singh PP . The etiology of urolithiasis in Udaipur(western part of India). Urol Res 1986; 14:59e62. doi: 10.1007/BF00257889 pmid: 3727215
[42]	Alatab S, Pourmand G, El HMF, Buchholz N, Najafi I, Pourmand MR , et al. National profiles of urinary calculi: acomparison between developing and developed worlds. Iran JKidney Dis 2016; 10:51e61. pmid: 26921745
[43]	Takasaki E . An observation on the composition and recurrenceof urinary calculi. Urol Int 1975; 30:228e36. doi: 10.1159/000279983 pmid: 1118962
[44]	Shokouhi B, Gasemi K, Norizadeh E . Chemical composition andepidemiological risk factors of urolithiasis in Ardabil Iran. ResJ Biol Sci 2008; 3:620e6.
[45]	Minñón CJ, Pourmand G . Mineral composition of 103 stonesfrom Iran. Br J Urol 1983; 55:465e8. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1983.tb03349.x pmid: 6626889
[46]	Ansari MS, Gupta NP, Hemal AK, Dogra PN, Seth A, Aron M , et al. Spectrum of stone composition: structural analysis of1050 upper urinary tract calculi from northern India. Int J Urol2005; 12:12e6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00990.x pmid: 15661049
[47]	Khand FD, Ansari AF, Khand TU, Memon JM . Analysis of urinarycalculi by infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Soc Pakistan 1996; 18:246e9. pmid: 2168259
[48]	Silva GR, Maciel LC . Epidemiology of urolithiasis consultationsin the paraiba valley. Rev Col Bras Cir 2016; 43:410e5.
[49]	Tanthanuch M, Apiwatgaroon A, Pripatnanont C . Urinarytract calculi in southern Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2005; 88:80e5. pmid: 15960223
[50]	Akinci M, Esen T, Tellaloglu S . Urinary stone disease in Turkey:an updated epidemiological study. Eur Urol 1991; 20:200e3. doi: 10.1159/000471700 pmid: 1823043
[51]	Kohri K, Ishikawa Y, Katoh Y, Kataoka K, Iguchi M, Yachiku S , et al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in the elderly. Int UrolNephrol 1991; 23:413e21. doi: 10.1007/BF02583983 pmid: 1938239
[52]	Nasir SJ . The mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stones fromthe United Arab Emirates. Qatar Univ Sci J 1999; 18:189e202.
[53]	Chandrajith R, Wijewardana G, Dissanayake CB, Abeygunasekara A . Biomineralogy of human urinary calculi(kidney stones) from some geographic regions of Sri Lanka. Environ Geochem Health 2006; 28:393e9. doi: 10.1007/s10653-006-9048-y pmid: 16791711
[54]	Choi SY, Yoon C . Urologic diseases in Korean military population:a 6-year epidemiological review of medical records. JKorean Med Sci 2017; 32:135e42. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.1.135 pmid: 5143286
[55]	Sriboonlue P, Prasongwatana V, Chata K, Tungsanga K . Prevalenceof upper urinary tract stone disease in a rural communityof north-eastern Thailand. Br J Urol 1992; 69:240e4. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1992.tb15520.x pmid: 1568096
[56]	Singh P, Barjatiya M, Dhing S, Bhatnagar R, Kothari S, Dhar V . Evidence suggesting that high intake of fluoride provokesnephrolithiasis in tribal populations. Urol Res 2001; 29:238e44. doi: 10.1007/s002400100192 pmid: 11585278
[57]	Schrieks IC, Heil AL, Hendriks HF, Mukamal KJ, Beulens JW . The effect of alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity andglycemic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis ofintervention studies. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:723e32. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1556 pmid: 25805864
[58]	Basiri A, Shakhssalim N, Khoshdel AR, Naghavi M . Regional andseasonal variation in the incidence of urolithiasis in Iran: aplace for obsession in case finding and statistical approach. Urol Res 2009; 37:197e204. doi: 10.1007/s00240-009-0193-5 pmid: 19468725
[59]	SalemSN, AbuElezz LZ . The incidenceof renal colic and calculi inKuwait. An epidemiological study. J Med Liban 1969; 22:747e55. pmid: 5370524
[60]	Shajari A, Sanjerehei MM . Modeling the distribution of urolithiasisprevalence under projected climate change in Iran. Urolithiasis 2015; 43:339e47. doi: 10.1007/s00240-015-0784-2 pmid: 25976637
[61]	Park HK, Bae SR, Kim SE, Choi WS, Paick SH, Ho K , et al. Theeffect of climate variability on urinary stone attacks:increased incidence associated with temperature over 18 oC:a population-based study. Urolithiasis 2015; 43:89e94.
[62]	Hussein NS, Sadiq SM, Kamaliah MD, Norakmal AW, Gohar MN . Twenty-four-hour urine constituents in stone formers: a studyfrom the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. Saudi J KidneyDis Transpl 2013; 24:630e7. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.111090 pmid: 23640651
[63]	Portis AJ, Hermans K, Culhane-Pera KA, Curhan GC . Stonedisease in the Hmong of Minnesota: initial description of ahigh-risk population. J Endourol 2004; 18:853e7. doi: 10.1089/end.2004.18.853 pmid: 15659918
[64]	Andreassen KH, Pedersen KV, Osther SS, Jung HU, Lildal SK,Osther PJS . How should patients with cystine stone disease beevaluated and treated in the twenty-first century? Urolithiasis 2016;44:65.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-015-0841-x. doi: 10.1007/s00240-015-0841-x pmid: 26614112
[65]	Vasudevan V, Samson P, Smith AD, Okeke Z . The geneticframework for development of nephrolithiasis. Asian J Urol 2016; 4:18e26. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.11.003
[66]	Wu W, Yang D, Tiselius HG, Ou L, Liang Y, Zhu H , et al. Thecharacteristics of the stone and urine composition in Chinesestone formers: primary report of a single-center results. Urology 2014; 83:732e7. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.11.012 pmid: 24485999
[67]	Hsu TC, Chen J , Huang HS,Wang CJ. Association of changes in thepattern of urinary calculi in Taiwanese with diet habit changebetween 1956 and 1999. J Formos Med Assoc 2002; 101:5e10. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00367-0 pmid: 11911038
[68]	Bae SR, Seong JM, Kim LY, Paick SH, Kim HG, Lho YS , et al. Theepidemiology of reno-ureteral stone disease in Koreans: anationwide population-based study. Urolithiasis 2014; 42:109e14. doi: 10.1007/s00240-014-0643-6 pmid: 24526235
[69]	Kumari A, Dokwal S, Mittal P, Kumar R, Goel R, Bansal P , et al.An increase incidence in uric acid nephrolithiasis: changingpatterns. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:Bc01e3. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/19714.8139 pmid: 27630833
[70]	Vinarova L, Vinarov Z, Tcholakova S, Denkov ND, Stoyanov S, Lips A . The mechanism of lowering cholesterol absorption bycalcium studied by using an in vitro digestion model. FoodFunct 2016; 7:151e63. doi: 10.1039/c5fo00856e pmid: 26481461
[71]	Guasch- Ferré M, Bulló M, Babio N, Martínez-González MA, Estruch R, Covas MI , et al. Mediterranean diet and risk ofhyperuricemia in elderly participants at high cardiovascularrisk. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1263e70. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glt028 pmid: 23599357
[72]	Luo D, Li H, Wang K. Epidemiology of stone disease in China.In: Urolithiasis: basic science and clinical practice, vol 1:epidemiology. London: Springer London; 2012. p. 53e9.214 Y. Liu et al. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_6

No related articles found!

[1]	. Testicular torsion in undescended testis: A persistent challenge[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 0, (): 1 -5 .
[2]	Antonio Benito Porcaro, Giovanni Novella, Matteo Balzarro, Guido Martignoni, Matteo Brunelli, Giovanni Cacciamani, Maria A. Cerruto, Walter Artibani. Prostate chronic inflammation type IV and prostate cancer risk in patients undergoing first biopsy set: Results of a large cohort study[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(4): 224 -232 .
[3]	. Prostate specific antigen bounce after intensity-modulated radiation therapy in an Asian population[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 0, (): 1 -9 .
[4]	. History and evolution of the use of oral mucosa for urethral reconstruction[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 0, (): 1 -6 .
[5]	Zhixiang Wang, Bing Liu, Xiaofeng Gao, Yi Bao, Yang Wang, Huamao Ye, Yinghao Sun, Linhui Wang. Laparoscopic ureterolysis with simultaneous ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephroscopy for treating complex ureteral obstruction after failed endoscopic intervention: A technical report[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(4): 238 -243 .
[6]	Louis R. Kavoussi. News from leading international academic urology departments[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(1): 1 -2 .
[7]	Rikiya Taoka, Yoshiyuki Kakehi. The influence of asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis on the onset and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with histologic benign prostatic hyperplasia[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(3): 158 -163 .
[8]	Cheuk Fan Shum, Weida Lau, Chang Peng Colin Teo. Medical therapy for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia:a1 Antagonists, 5a reductase inhibitors and their combination[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(3): 185 -190 .
[9]	Sufyan Suleman, Gong-Hong We. Combined immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer:Empowering the T cell army[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(4): 199 -200 .
[10]	Kok Kit Ng, Foo Cheong Ng. The use of antimuscarinics, phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors and phytotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(3): 191 -194 .

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed