摘要 Treatment of large renal stones has changed considerably in recent years. The increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis has mandated that urologists perform more surgeries for large renal calculi than before, and this has been met with improvements in percutaneous stone surgery. In this review paper, we examine recent developments in percutaneous stone surgery, including advances in diagnosis and preoperative planning, renal access, patient position, tract dilation, nephroscopes, lithotripsy, exit strategies, and post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis.
Abstract: Treatment of large renal stones has changed considerably in recent years. The increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis has mandated that urologists perform more surgeries for large renal calculi than before, and this has been met with improvements in percutaneous stone surgery. In this review paper, we examine recent developments in percutaneous stone surgery, including advances in diagnosis and preoperative planning, renal access, patient position, tract dilation, nephroscopes, lithotripsy, exit strategies, and post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis.
Christopher Hartman, Nikhil Gupta, David Leavitt, David Hoenig, Zeph Okeke, Arthur Smith. Advances in percutaneous stone surgery[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(1): 26-32.
Christopher Hartman, Nikhil Gupta, David Leavitt, David Hoenig, Zeph Okeke, Arthur Smith. Advances in percutaneous stone surgery. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(1): 26-32.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetesdUnited States and Puerto Rico, 1995-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61: 918-21.
[2]
Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z. Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States. Kidney Int 2013;83:479-86.
[3]
Chi T, Li J, Hu W, Xia L, Chi Q, Xue W, et al., editors. Significantly higher rates of calcium oxalate stones are seen in Chinese patients living in China compared to Chinese patients living in North America. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[4]
Oberlin DT, Flum A, Bachrach L, Flury SC, editors. Contemporary surgical trends in the managment of upper tract calculi. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 17, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[5]
Fulgham PF, Assimos DG, Pearle MS, Preminger GM. Clinical effectiveness protocols for imaging in the management of ureteral calculous disease: AUA technology assessment. J Urol 2013;189:1203-13.
[6]
Sheafor DH, Hertzberg BS, Freed KS, Carroll BA, Keogan MT, Paulson EK, et al. Nonenhanced helical CT and US in the emergency evaluation of patients with renal colic: prospective comparison. Radiology 2000;217:792-7.
[7]
Okhunov Z, Friedlander JI, George AK, Duty BD, Moreira DM, Srinivasan AK, et al. S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry: novel surgical classification system for kidney calculi. Urology 2013;81: 1154-9.
[8]
Okhunov Z, Moreira D, George A, Akhavein A, Elsamra S, Duty B, et al., editors. Multicenter validation of S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[9]
Labadie K, Okhunov Z, Akhavein A, Moreira D, Moreno-Palacios J, Del Junco M, et al. Evaluation and comparison of urolithiaisis scoring systems in percutaneous kidney stone surgery. J Urol 2015;193:154-9.
[10]
Mishra S, Sabnis RB, Desai M. Staghorn morphometry: a new tool for clinical classification and prediction model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy. J Endourol 2012;26:6-14.
[11]
Rowan SB, Bailey DN, Bublitz CE, Anderson RJ. Trends in anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the U.S.: an analysis of the national ambulatory medical care survey database. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1561-5.
[12]
Starr A, Fessler CL, Grunkemeier G, He GW. Heart valve replacement surgery: past, present and future. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002;29:735-8.
[13]
O'Riordan JM, Margey RJ, Blake G, O'Connell PR. Antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period. Arch Surg 2009;144:69-76.
[14]
Oscarsson A, Gupta A, Fredrikson M, Jarhult J, Nystrom M, Pettersson E, et al. To continue or discontinue aspirin in the perioperative period: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 2010;104:305-12.
[15]
Kefer JC, Turna B, Stein RJ, Desai MM. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in patients on anticoagulant therapy. J Urol 2009;181:144-8.
[16]
Gutierrez J, Smith A, Geavlete P, Shah H, Kural AR, de Sio M, et al. Urinary tract infections and post-operative fever in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. World J Urol 2013;31: 1135-40.
[17]
Leavitt D, Morganstern B, Theckumparampil N, Alom M, Elsamra S, Hoenig D, et al., editors. How useful is a negative preoperative urine dipstick analysis in predicting sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 17, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[18]
Larson J, Roth E, Desai A, editors. Comparative analysis of stone composition and stone culture after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 17, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[19]
Larson J, Roth E, Desai A, editors. Is one week antibiotic prophylaxis necessary before percutaneous nephrolithotomy? A retrospective review of 7 vs 2 day therapy. Poster session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 17, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[20]
Ingimarsson J, Bechis S, Moses R, Johnson E, Eisner B, Pais V, editors. Comparison of access related complications: radiologist vs urologist obtained percutaneous renal access. Poster session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 18, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[21]
Lightfoot M, Martin J, Vassantachart J, Yeo A, Maldonado J, Lee M, et al., editors. The laser-DARRT: a novel direct alignment reduced radiation technique for percutaneous renal access. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[22]
Alsyouf M, Olgin G, Li R, Lightfoot M, Smith J, Lehrman E, et al., editors. Direct endoscopic visualization with combined ultrasound guided access during percutaneous nephrolithotomy-a feasibility study and comparison to conventional cohort. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[23]
Kawahara T, Ito H, Miyamoto H, Uemura H, Kubota Y, Matsuzaki J, editors. Ureteroscopy-assisted retrograde nephrostomy; A 150 case experience, Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[24]
Lightfoot M, Ng C, Li R, Alsyouf M, Wallner C, Huang G, et al., editors. Analgesic use, complications, and stone-free rate following upper pole access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Poster session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 18, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[25]
Astroza G, Lipkin M, Neisius A, Preminger G, De Sio M, Sodha H, et al. Effect of supine vs prone position on outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in staghorn calculi: results from the Clinical Research Office of the Endourology Society Study. Urology 2013;82:1240-4.
[26]
Al-Dessoukey AA, Moussa AS, Abdelbary AM, Zayed A, Abdallah R, Elderwy AA, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the oblique supine lithotomy position and prone position; a comparative study. J Endourol 2014;28:1058-63.
[27]
De Sio M, Autorino R, Quarto G, Calabro F, Damiano R, Giugliano F, et al. Modified supine versus prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones treatable with a single percutaneous access: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Urol 2008;54:196-202.
[28]
Liu L, Zheng S, Xu Y, Wei Q. Systematic review and metaanalysis of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for patients in the supine versus prone position. J Endourol 2010;24:1941-6.
[29]
McCahy P, Rzetelski-West K, Gleeson J. Complete stone clearance using a modified supine position: initial experience and comparison with prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol 2013;27:705-9.
[30]
Safak M, Gogus C, Soygur T. Nephrostomy tract dilation using a balloon dilator in percutaneous renal surgery: experience with 95 cases and comparison with the fascial dilator system. Urol Int 2003;71:382-4.
[31]
Fuller A, Razvi H, Denstedt JD, Nott L, Pearle M, Cauda F, et al. The CROES percutaneous nephrolithotomy global study: the influence of body mass index on outcome. J Urol 2012;188: 138-44.
[32]
Hendlin K, Monga M. Radial dilation of nephrostomy balloons: a comparative analysis. Int Braz J Urol 2008;34:546-54.
[33]
Pathak AS, Bellman GC. One-step percutaneous nephrolithotomy sheath versus standard two-step technique. Urology 2005;66:953-7.
[34]
Li X, He Z, Wu K, Li SK, Zeng G, Yuan J, et al. Chinese minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy: the Guangzhou experience. J Endourol 2009;23:1693-7.
[35]
Guohua Z, Wen Z, Xun L, Wenzhong C, Yongzhong H, Zhaohui H, et al. The influence of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy on renal pelvic pressure in vivo. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2007;17:307-10.
[36]
Jackman SV, Hedican SP, Peters CA, Docimo SG. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants and preschool age children: experience with a new technique. Urology 1998;52:697-701.
[37]
Sung YM, Choo SW, Jeon SS, Shin SW, Park KB, Do YS. The 'mini-perc' technique of percutaneous nephrolithotomy with a 14-Fr peel-away sheath: 3-year results in 72 patients. Korean J Radiol 2006;7:50-6.
[38]
Wang Y, Wang Y, Hou Y, Wang C, editors. Standard-tract combined with mini-tract in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal staghorn calculi. Poster session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 18, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[39]
Hatipoglu NK, Tepeler A, Buldu I, Atis G, Bodakci MN, Sancaktutar AA, et al. Initial experience of micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of renal calculi in 140 renal units. Urolithiasis 2014;42:159-64.
[40]
Lowe G, Knudsen BE. Ultrasonic, pneumatic and combination intracorporeal lithotripsy for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol 2009;23:1663-8.
[41]
Auge BK, Lallas CD, Pietrow PK, Zhong P, Preminger GM. In vitro comparison of standard ultrasound and pneumatic lithotrites with a new combination intracorporeal lithotripsy device. Urology 2002;60:28-32.
[42]
Antonelli J, Friedlander J, Gahan J, Beardsley H, Pearle M, Cadeddu J, editors. PercSac: a novel device to prevent stone fragment migration during percutaneous lithotripsy. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 20, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[43]
Kim SC, Tinmouth WW, Kuo RL, Paterson RF, Lingeman JE. Using and choosing a nephrostomy tube after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large or complex stone disease: a treatment strategy. J Endourol 2005;19:348-52.
[44]
Kader AK, Finelli A, Honey RJ. Nephroureterostomy-drained percutaneous nephrolithotomy: modification combining safety with decreased morbidity. J Endourol 2004;18:29-32.
[45]
Zilberman DE, Lipkin ME, de la Rosette JJ, Ferrandino MN, Mamoulakis C, Laguna MP, et al. Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy-the new standard of care? J Urol 2010;184: 1261-6.
[46]
Shah HN, Hegde S, Shah JN, Mohile PD, Yuvaraja TB, Bansal MB. A prospective, randomized trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of fibrin sealant in tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 2006;176(6 Pt 1):2488-93.
[47]
Okeke Z, Andonian S, Srinivasan A, Shapiro E, Vanderbrink BA, Kavoussi LR, et al. Cryotherapy of the nephrostomy tract: a novel technique to decrease the risk of hemorrhage after tubeless percutaneous renal surgery. J Endourol 2009;23:417-20.
[48]
Sabnis R, Ganpule A, Mishra S, Vyas J, Ganeshmoni R, Jagtap J, et al., editors. Exit strategy following MPNL-prospective randomized study. Podium session presented at: The 2014 Meeting of the American Urological Association; May 17, 2014. Orlando, FL, USA.
[49]
Wolf Jr JS, Bennett CJ, Dmochowski RR, Hollenbeck BK, Pearle MS, Schaeffer AJ. Best practice policy statement on urologic surgery antimicrobial prophylaxis. J Urol 2008;179: 1379-90.
